注意:本书适用于高考英语单项选择题改为语法填空题的省市;如果本省高考英语试卷仍然采用单项选择题,请拍高考语法三客
《奥风英语语法.高中版》由知名中学英语教研专家魏训刚老师主编。魏老师对中学英语有着多年研究,对高考英语的脉搏有着精准的把握,曾与天星、天利、志鸿优化、疯狂英语等国内众多知名教辅品牌合作,主参编中学英语教辅数十部。魏老师主讲《高考语法完全突破》视频教程深受广大学子欢迎,在优酷上单视频点击量突破百万,创同类视频记录。因为很多师生在校使用视频不方便,纷纷提出希望魏老师出一套书版的语法。正是在广大师生的要求和支持下,这配语法书才得以呈现在大家面前。
本书特色:
第一讲:名词
一.名词的概念
名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。
二.名词的分类
名词 | 专有名词 | ||
普通名词 | 可数名词 | 个体名词 | |
集体名词 | |||
不可数名词 | 物质名词 | ||
抽象名词 |
1.专有名词
表示人物、地方、国家、组织、机构等专有名称的词。
如:Tom,China,Christmas(圣诞节),the Great Wall(长城)
特性:
①原则上与其所表示的事物一一对应。
②实词的首字母要大写。
2.普通名词
泛指一类人或事物的名称的词。
如:actor(演员),dictionary(词典),money(钱),weather(天气)
分类:
可数名词 如:dictionary(词典),island(岛屿)
不可数名词 如:fun(乐趣;有趣的事),money(钱),furniture(家具)
可数名词
分类:个体名词和集体名词
个体名词:表示单个的人或事物的名称的词。
如:garden(花园),actor(演员),hammer(锤子)
集体名词:表示由若干人或事物组成的集合体的名称的词。
如:family(家庭),class(班级),staff(全体工作人员),team(组;队)
不可数名词
分类:物质名词和抽像名词
物质名词:表示构成世上万物的物质或材料名称的词。
如:cotton(棉花),water(水),ink(墨水),wood(木头)
抽像名词:表示性质、行为、状态、情感等抽像概念名称的词。
如:freedom(自由) fun(乐趣) health(健康)
happiness(幸福) anger(忿怒) value(价值)
注意:①英语中有些词既可用作可数名词,也可用作不可数名词。用作不可数名词时表示抽象概念或物质,而用作可数名词时则表示具体的事物。
如:success成功→a success一个成功的人(事) chicken鸡肉→chicken一只小鸡
room空间→a room一个房间 hope希望→a hope希望的一件事情
beauty美丽→a beauty一位美人 exercise锻炼→an exercise一套动作;练习
word消息→a word一个单词;一句话 experience经验→an experience一次经历、体验
②常见不可数名词。
advice(建议) baggage/luggage(行李) behavior(行为) change(零钱)
equipment(设备) fun(快乐;乐趣) furniture(家具) homework(作业)
information(信息) knowledge(知识) money(钱) news(新闻)
progress(进博 traffic(交通) weather(天气) work(工作)
三.名词的数
1.规则名词复数的构成。
(1)一般情况下直接加-s。在清辅音后读/s/,在音和浊辅音后读/z/。
如:cook→cooks(厨师)canal→canals(运河) monkey→monkeys(猴子)
(2)以s, x, sh, ch结尾的名词,直接加-es,读/@z/。
如:bus→buses(公交) brush→brushes(刷子) coach→coaches(教练;长途公共汽车)
(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,y变成i,再加es。
如:story→stories(故事) county→counties(郡;县)
注意:以音字母+y结尾的词,直接加s。
如:boy→boys(男孩) ray→rays(光线) bay→bays(海湾)
(4)以o结尾的名词。
①一般直接加s读/z/。
如:radio→radios(收音机) photo→photos(照片) kilo→kilos(公斤)
zoo→zoos(动物园) piano→pianos(钢琴) bamboo→bamboos(竹子)
studio-studios(工作室;摄影室)
②少数加es,读/z/。
如:hero→heroes(英雄) negro→negroes(黑人) tomato→tomatoes(西红柿)
potato→potatoes(土豆)
助记顺口溜:英雄和黑人爱吃西红柿和土豆。
③两种情况均可。
如:zero→zeros/zeroes(零) motto→mottos/mottoes(格言;座右铭)
volcano→volcanos /volcanoes(火嫂
(5)以f/fe结尾的词
①一般将f/fe变为v,再加es,读/vz/。
如:wife, knife, wolf, thief, shelf, self, life, half, leaf, loaf
②有些直接加s,读/s/。
如:roof→roofs(房顶) gulf→gulfs(海湾) safe→safes(保险箱)
chief→chiefs(酋长;首长) belief→beliefs(信念;信仰)
③个别有两种形式。
如:handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves(手巾;手帕)
2.不规则名词复数的构成。
(1)变内部音。
如:man→men(男人) goose→geese(鹅) tooth→teeth(牙齿)
(2)单复数同形。
如:fish(鱼) sheep(绵羊) deer(鹿) Chinese(中国人) swine(猪) jin(斤)
yuan() means(方法)
(3)无规则变化。
如:child-children(孩子) mouse→mice(老鼠) medium→media(媒体)
bacterium→bacteria(细菌)ox→oxen(公牛) phenomenon→phenomena(现象;奇迹)
3.复合名词复数的构成
(1)有中心词(主要名词)时,通常将中心词变为复数。
如:story-teller→story-tellers(讲故事的人) mother-in-law→mothers-in-law(岳母;婆婆),
passer-by→passers-by(路过者) looker-on→lookers-on(旁观者)
(2)没有(主要)名词时,在词尾加s。
如:grown-up→grown-ups(成年人) go-between→go-betweens(媒介;中间人)
(3)由man/woman加其他名词构成的复合名词变复数时前后都变。
如:man driver→men drivers(男司机) woman writer→women writers(女作家)
注意:boy/girl student →boy/girl students(男/女生)German→Germans(德国人)
(4)字母、符号、数字等复数的构成通常在其后加’s。
如:There are two t’s in teeth.在teeth这个单词里有两个t。
There are three 8’s in this number.在这个数字里有3个8。
4.表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。
“中日瑞不变英法变,其它国把-s加后面”。
如:
Chinese→Chinese(中国人) Japanese→Japanese(日本人) Swiss→Swiss(瑞士人)
Englishman→Englishmen(英国人) Frenchman→Frenchmen(法国人)
American→Americans(美国人) Australian→Australians(澳大利亚人) Canadian→Canadians(加拿大人) Korean→Koreans(韩国人)
Russian→Russians (俄国人) Indian→Indians(印度人)
四.名词所有格
名词所有格表示所有关系。
如:Tom’s cat(汤姆的猫) Mary’s perfume(玛丽的香水)
分类:’s所有格,of所有格和双重所有格
1.’s所有格
(1) ’s所有格的构成
通常在名词后加’s,如果词尾已有s,则直接加’。
如:the girl’s dolls(那个女孩的洋娃娃) Tom’ s piano(汤姆的钢琴)
the students’ books(学生们的书)
注意:Charles’ bag/Charles’s bag(查尔斯的包)
(2) ’s所有格的运用
①多用于表示有的人或动物的名词。
如:Jim’s bike(吉姆的自行车) Mary’s skirt(玛丽的裙子)
②也可用于表示时间、空间、距离、价格、重量等无的名词。
如:the city’s history(这座城市的历史) three days’ time(三天的时间)
the book’s author(这本书的作者) today’s newspaper(今天的报蜘
an hour’s drive(开车一小时的路程)
比较:
Mary and Jean’s room玛丽和简两人共有的房间
Mary’s and Jean’s rooms玛丽和简两人各自的房间
(3) ’s所有格后名词的省略
①前面出现的名词,可以省略。
如:This MP5 is Mary’s (MP5).这个MP5是玛丽的(MP5)。
②其后的名词表示某人的家、办公场所时可以省略。
如:He stayed at John’s last night.他昨晚呆在约翰家里。
The boy went to the barber’s.那个男孩去理发店了。
2.of所有格
(1) of所有格的运用
①主要用于无的名词。
如:the leg of the table(桌子的腿) the top of the mountain(山顶)
②也可用于表示人或动物的名词。
如:the pride of her family(她家庭的骄傲) the daughter of a policeman(一位的女儿)
(3). ’s所有格和of所有格的比较
①两者很多情况下可以通用。
如:the film’s end=the end of the film(电影的结尾)
the young people’s education=the education of the young people(年轻人的教育)
②表示类别属性时通常用’s。
如:women’s clothes(女士服装) children’s books(儿童书籍)
③名词以“the+形容词/分词”的形式出现时,通常用of所有格。
如:the problem of the young(年轻人的问题)the children of the injured(受伤者的孩子)
3.双重所有格
双重所有格是’s所有格和of所有格的结合,通常表示“许多中的一个或一部分”。
如:a friend of Mary’s(玛丽的一个朋友) some books of our teacher’s(我们老师的一些书)
五.不可数名词的量化表达
不可数名词没有单复数的形式变化,表示不可数名词的量常用以下三种方法:
1.用some, much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等来表示。
如:
much water(很多水) a lot of money(很多钱) a little milk(一点牛奶)
plenty of rice(充足的大米)some orange juice(一些橙汁)
2.用容器来表示。
如:
a cup of coffee(一杯咖啡) two pots of water(两壶水)
ten bags of rice(十袋大米)six boxes of ink(六盒墨水)
3.用计量单位来表示。
如:
a loaf/slice of bread(一块面包/一片面包) a grain of rice(一粒米)
a piece of furniture(一件家具) a large sum of money(一大笔钱)
六.名词的语法功能
1.作主语
如:A teachermust be patient.老师必须耐心。
2.作宾语
如:I likeEnglish.我喜欢英语。
She boughtan umbrella.她买了一把伞。
3.作表语
如:His uncle isan engineer.他叔叔是一名工程师。
4.作定语
如:It’s ashoefactory.它是家鞋厂。
5.作宾补
如:They all call hima playboy.他们称他为花花公子。
6.作状语
如:The meeting lastedtwo hours.那次会议持续了两小时。
I’ve told youmany times.我已经告诉过你很多次了。
7.名词作定语的注意事项:
(1)名词作定语时通常用单数
如:flower shop花店 apple tree苹果树
(2)“数词-名词”结构作定语时,名词也要用单数。
如:He had an eight-hour sleep . (=He had eight hours’ sleep)他睡了八个小时。
a nine-year-old girl一个九岁的女孩
注意:该结构通常只作定语,不作表语。
如:The girl is nine years old.那个女孩九岁了。
(3)少数名词习惯上用复数。
如:sports car(赛车) parents meeting(家长会)
名词专项练习
用所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. There are only three ______________(man engineer)in the factory.
2. Four____________(Frenchman)and five ____________(German) visited our school yesterday.
3. Tom’s _____________(brother-in-law) are surely ___________(grown-up).
4. The ___________ (roof) of the building are covered with lots of___________(leaf).
5. That was a fifty ____________(horse power) engine.
6. I can’t give you any___________(advice), but I can give you some ____________ (information).
7. I had a cup of ___________(tea) and two slices of __________ (bread) this morning.
8. As is known to us all, ___________(light) travels much faster than __________(sound).
9. She told him of all her secret ___________(hope) and ___________(fear).
10. —How far away is it from here to your school@
—It’s about half an ______________ ( hour) drive.
11. I went to the ____________(barber)before I called at my __________(aunt) yesterday.
12. The beach is a __________(stone) throw from our house.
13. It won’t make much ____________(different) whether you agree or not.
14. I can’t give you the card without Smith’s ___________(permit).
15. As we all know, the ____________(govern) is now making every effort to set up a harmonious society.
16. In the__________ (absent) of proof, the police could not take ___________(act) against the man.
17. The broken glass was _____________(evident) that a burglary took place.
18. For sustainable _____________ (develop), the government has decided to give __________ (prefer) to those energy-conserving and environment-friendly businesses in many aspects.
19. Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with __________.(patient)
20. With___________(inspire) from other food cultures, American food culture can take a turn for the better.
21. My first ______________(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.
22. She asked me to help her choose some ___________(furniture) for her new house.
23. The _________(office) insisted that Michael did not follow the correct procedure in applying for a visa.
24. —Why do you choose to work in an international travel ___________(agent)@
—Well, you know, English is my strength. So it is my best ___________(choose).
25. You are working too hard. You’d better keep a balance between work and _____________(relax).
26. You’d better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future ____________(refer).
27. Your _______________(perform) as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn.
28. Giving up my job to go back to full-time___________ (educate) was a big ____________(commit), but now I know it was the best_____________(decide) I ever made.
29. Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional ______________(compete).
30. Anyway, I can’t cheat him—it’s against all my ____________(principle).
31. Always remember ___________(knife) are dangerous things and they should be hidden from children.
32. After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide ______________ (accommodate) for the homeless families.
33. I haven’t seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond___________(recognize)
34. The ____________(girl) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into __________(Tom) car.
35. The young man made a promise to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after____________(graduate).
36. The top _____________(lead) of the two __________(country) are holding talks in a friendly atmosphere.
37. Most air ____________ (pollute) is caused by the burning of fuels like coal, gas and oil.